Mikhail S. Gorbachev accused the United States today of ignoring Soviet peace overtures and of coercing the Western European allies to spurn Soviet arms control proposals. Mr. Gorbachev’s speech, at a Polish party congress, contained some of the strongest criticism of the United States since the Soviet Union began issuing arms control initiatives early this year. “The cause of disarmament has not been advanced by a single millimeter because of the American Administration’s open obstruction,” he said. “Worse, Washington is destroying the remaining constraints containing the arms race — the SALT II treaty and other Soviet-American agreements. American officials are not short on eloquent statements about their desire for peace and disarmament, but they are doing just the opposite.”
Mr. Gorbachev called for greater consideration of Soviet overtures. “We say to the West: Take seriously our proposal for the elimination of medium-range nuclear missiles, take seriously the proposal for the reduction of conventional armaments, and the possibility of easing tensions on the continent will rise.” In recent speeches, President Reagan has been calling Soviet proposals a “serious effort” and a possible “turning point” in arms negotiations. But the United States has not framed a response to the Soviet offers, amid indications of divisions within the Administration. Some officials see an opportunity for a genuine give-and-take, but others, including Defense Secretary Caspar W. Weinberger, doubt that Moscow has basically changed its positions. Mr. Gorbachev, in his adddress, listed the Soviet Union’s most recent arms control moves, including its halt of nuclear testing; proposals to ban chemical weapons; an offer to limit and withdraw medium-range missiles in Europe, and a suggestion made in Budapest last month to cut troops and conventional arms deployed in Europe by both NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
West European trade ministers, seeking to overcome U.S.-Japanese dominance in the high-technology field, agreed to combine resources to develop more than 60 high-tech products worth $2.1 billion. They also agreed to set up the headquarters of the European Research Coordination Agency in Brussels and named Xavier Fels, 40, of France, as head of its secretariat. British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher opened the agency’s third conference in London by telling the 40 ministers from 18 European nations that they must work together to develop new products or “face the stark prospect that the United States and Japan will monopolize world markets.”
A West German court convicted Karl-Heinz Hoffmann, the leader of an outlawed neo-Nazi group, of torturing followers at a training camp in Lebanon and sentenced him to nine years in prison. But Hoffmann was acquitted of the 1980 murder of prominent Nuremberg Jewish publisher Shlomo Lewin and Lewin’s female companion, Frida Poeschke. Hoffmann was convicted of possession of weapons and explosives, torturing and holding against their will members of his neo-Nazi organization who tried to break away and forging $2 million to finance his operations while in Lebanon five years ago.
A Portuguese Embassy official in Moscow was expelled for activities “incompatible with the rules governing conduct of foreign representatives” in the Soviet Union, Tass, the official Soviet news agency, said. The move came one week after Portugal expelled two Soviet Embassy officials in Lisbon for alleged acts against national security and interfering in Portuguese internal affairs. In Lisbon, a government spokesman identified the expelled Portuguese official as Artur Martins, head of chancellery at the embassy, and said he had been given three days to leave.
A fugitive Sicilian accused of being a key figure in the Mafia’s heroin trafficking in the United States was arrested over the weekend, the police announced today. Pietro Vernengo, who has evaded arrest for more than four years, was seized in a small port on the Bay of Naples by a large force of police using helicopters and patrol boats. Mr. Vernengo, 43 years old, faces longstanding charges of having ordered numerous murders in his role as a chieftain of the Sicilian underworld. He is also charged by prosecutors in Palermo with controlling a large part of the Mafia’s international drug traffic.
Pope John Paul II has told the Archbishop of Canterbury that the ordination of women as priests by some Anglican churches presents an “increasingly serious obstacle” to eventual Anglican-Roman Catholic reunion, the Vatican said today. The Vatican made public an exchange of letters between the Most Rev. Robert Runcie, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and Pope John Paul II and Johannes Cardinal Willebrands, the head of the Vatican’s Secretariat for Christian Unity. The most recent letter in the exchange, from Cardinal Willebrands on June 17th of this year, stated flatly that the arguments offered for women’s ordination by some Anglican communions were “unsatisfactory.”
The former head of Shin Bet said he had approval from his political superiors for his actions in the case of two captured Palestinian bus hijackers beaten to death in 1984. The superiors referred to by the former head of Israel’s domestic intelligence service, Avraham Shalom, are believed to include Foreign Minister Yitzhak Shamir, Prime Minister at the time of the incident.
President Hafez al-Assad promised Representative Bob Dornan today that Syria would continue its efforts to free American hostages in Lebanon, Syria’s press agency reported. The agency quoted Mr. Assad as telling Mr. Dornan, a Republican from California, that Syria was trying to win the release of the hostages for humanitarian reasons, regardless of Syria’s relations with the United States. Mr. Dornan, who arrived in Damascus on Friday, gave Mr. Assad a letter signed by 247 members of Congress urging the President to help gain the release of five Americans believed held by Shiite Moslem groups in Lebanon.
Libya’s press agency said today that the body of an American airman who took part in the United States bombing raids on Libya had washed ashore on a remote beach in Tunisia. The Libyan press had said earlier that the body of another American airman was found May 6 on a beach near Al Zawiyah, Libya.
An attorney for General Fabian C. Ver, the former armed forces chief under ousted Philippine President Ferdinand E. Marcos, filed a motion with a Philippine Supreme Court commission asking that Marcos be permitted to return from his U.S. exile to give evidence at hearings into the 1983 murder of Marcos opponent Benigno S. Aquino Jr. Ver’s attorney said Marcos would refute allegations that he pressured legal authorities to acquit Ver and 25 others in connection with Aquino’s murder. President Corazon Aquino, the slain man’s widow, has refused to grant Marcos a passport to allow him to return home or to travel to a third country.
The South Pacific island nation of Vanuatu announced today that it had established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. In a statement issued here, the Rev. Walter H. Lini, an Anglican priest who is Prime Minister, said the two Governments would exchange ambassadors. The announcement comes after the visit last week of a Soviet delegation seeking a fishing agreement with Vanuatu, a group of 80 islands formerly known as the New Hebrides. It has a population of 120,000. The Soviet Union is the 45th country with which Vanuatu has opened diplomatic relations since it gained independence in 1980.
Canada’s Prime Minister overhauled his Cabinet amid evidence that his Progressive Conservative Party was declining in popularity. The Prime Minister, Brian Mulroney, dropped six ministers, added eight and shifted two thirds of the Cabinet members to new portfolios in the biggest shakeup since he took office in September 1984.
A United States agency is about to decide whether the Nicaraguan Government improperly took over land owned by the Standard Fruit Company, agency officials said last week. Nicaraguan leaders are concerned that a decision against them by the agency, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, could further damage their image in internatonal financial circles. Some said they also feared the agency’s decision might be influenced by the Reagan Administration’s position against the Sandinista Government. The agency, known as OPIC, is an arm of the State Department that insures American companies against expropriation abroad. Specialists in international commerce said the Nicaragua case could be a test of the agency’s independence.
Guatemala and Britain will renew relations at the consular level in two months as the first step toward re-establishing full diplomatic ties for the first time in 24 years, a Guatemalan Foreign Ministry official said. “We are going to renew relations gradually,” the official added. Guatemala broke ties with Britain in 1962 over Belize, then known as British Honduras, which Guatemala has claimed as part of its territory since the last century. Belize, wedged between Guatemala and Mexico, gained independence from Britain in 1981.
The United States Ambassador to Honduras has been relieved of his duties after less than a year of service here, according to a United States Embassy spokesman. The Ambassador, John A. Ferch, notified the Honduran Government this afternoon that he would be replaced later this summer, according to Government officials. Mr. Ferch refused to comment on his departure. Reading a prepared statement, a United States Embassy spokesman, Arthur L. Skop, said: “The change is based solely on the needs of the Foreign Service and the United States Government. The change does not reflect policy differences, for there are none, nor any disruption of our close bilateral relations with Honduras, which continue to be excellent.”
Peru’s justice minister, Luis Gonzales Posada, and Gen. Maximo Martinez Lira, commander of the Republican Guard paramilitary police, resigned, nearly two weeks after more than 250 prison inmates were killed when security forces retook three Lima-area prisons from rioting inmates. President Alan Garcia has charged that more than 100 inmates were killed by police after they surrendered. Gonzales said in a letter to Garcia that he was resigning for moral reasons, and he urged a thorough investigation of the killings.
The South African authorities said today that seven blacks died in violence in Soweto over the weekend in what appeared to be one of the worst episodes of bloodshed in the black township since the Government’s declaration of a state of emergency. Previously, the authorities had few reports of violence in Soweto, which exploded in protest 10 years ago on June 16. The country’s biggest black labor federation, meanwhile, warned of impending “widespread and spontaneous worker action around the country” to protest the detention of top labor leaders under the emergency decree imposed on June 12. The threat raised the possibility that black protests could spread from black townships into white areas. Since there is little industry in black areas, blacks generally work in white areas, where a strike could affect stores, businesses and industries.
Secretary of State George P. Shultz said today that the goal of an announced policy review on South Africa was to find ways of ending apartheid and beginning interracial negotiations without damaging the South African economy. Speaking with reporters on his plane en route to Washington after an Asian trip, Mr. Shultz said the reassessment should not reverse the policy of so-called constructive engagement or involve steps that would weaken South Africa’s economy. He said the review was needed to counter a bill passed by the House of Representatives two weeks ago banning trade with South Africa. Mr. Shultz’s comments enlarged on a disclosure Saturday by a White House official in Santa Barbara, California, that a policy review was under way.
A bitterly divided Supreme Court ruled 5 to 4 today that the Constitution does not protect homosexual relations between consenting adults, even in the privacy of their own homes. The Court held that a Georgia law that forbids all people to engage in oral or anal sex could be used to prosecute such conduct between homosexuals. The majority said it would not rule on whether the Constitution protected married couples and other heterosexuals from prosecution under the same law. Associate Justice John Paul Stevens, however, said in a dissent that such laws were “concededly unconstitutional with respect to heterosexuals” under the reasoning of previous Supreme Court rulings. The decision is unlikely to curb the growing visibility of homosexuality as a fact of daily life in America, but it weakens the legal arguments of homosexual activists against various forms of discrimination.
With its decision today that the constitutional right to privacy does not extend to homosexual conduct, the Supreme Court interrupted the expansion of the concept of privacy on which it embarked more than 60 years ago. The 5-to-4 majority drew a sharp line of demarcation between those choices that are fundamental to heterosexual life -whether and whom to marry, whether to conceive a child, whether to carry a pregnancy to term — and the decision to engage in homosexual acts. The heterosexual choices fall within the “zone of privacy” that the Court has defined, with greater or lesser clarity, in dozens of cases. The line stretches back to a pair of decisions in the mid-1920’s that gave parents the right to make basic choices about their children’s education, and more recently includes rulings on contraception and abortion.
The high court’s decision upholding Georgia’s sodomy law was received with dismay by homosexual groups and with jubilation by religious and political groups opposing them. Both camps agreed the ruling would inevitably slow the advance of homosexual rights.
President Reagan enjoys one last horseback ride around the grounds of the ranch before heading back to Washington.
The President and First Lady leave Rancho del Cielo for Washington.
The Supreme Court ruled today for the first time that partisan gerrymandering of election districts violated the Constitution, but only when it was so severe as to “consistently degrade” a political group’s influence. The Court’s 6-to-3 ruling is expected to open the door to new challenges to election districts around the nation. But the Court voted 7 to 2 to uphold the Indiana legislative districts involved in the case, reversing a lower Federal court’s decision striking down the state’s 1981 redistricting plan. The lower court said Republicans had manipulated district lines to give themselves an advantage over Democrats.
The public has a right to attend pretrial hearings in criminal cases over the objections of defendants, the Supreme Court ruled 7 to 2. The Justices said judges could conduct pretrial hearings in secret only as a last resort to assure a fair trial and only after citing why excluding the public was necessary.
Backing for immigration curbs is strong and growing, but there is widespread sympathy for both legal and illegal immigrants as individuals, according to a New York Times/CBS News Poll. Only 33 percent of Americans wanted immigration levels decreased in 1965, but 49 percent now want them decreased.
About 2 million Social Security recipients who worked in 1984 will get an average of $14.30 more each month, starting in July, and retroactive payments averaging $265, the agency announced. The increases result from recomputations in which 1984 was substituted for a year of lower earnings. They apply only to persons who worked in 1984 and earned more than in a previous year used to figure benefits.
Lawyers trying to block the execution of Theodore R. Bundy lost more rounds in court today, and the convicted serial killer rebuffed Utah detectives making a last-ditch effort to solve cases there. Judge Edward Cowart of Dade County, who in 1979 sentenced Mr. Bundy to die for murdering two women in 1978, rejected the second stay request before him in six days. The refusal sent the lawyers to ask the Florida Supreme Court for a stay of the execution Wednesday. The court, however, refused to overturn the death sentence and refused to order a new clemency hearing. The court gave no indication when it would rule on a request for a 120-day stay.
Southwestern Bell agreed to buy the paging and mobile telephone businesses of Metromedia Inc. for $1.65 billion in cash. The sale will further enrich John W. Kluge, who owns 93 percent of Metromedia’s voting stock. Southwestern Bell will become the nation’s largest operator of cellular telephones.
More than 15,000 Philadelphia city employees and about 5,000 municipal hospital workers went on strike as contracts expired. Those on strike varied from garbage collectors and police dispatchers to museum workers and school crossing guards. National Guard troops were put on standby alert. The municipal strike was the first since an eight-day walkout in 1978, when garbage piled up on city streets and police were called into city prisons to maintain order. The walkout threatened to disrupt city operations during planned Fourth of July celebrations.
United Airlines agreed to pay $10 million in back salary and $1 million in legal fees to settle an age-discrimination lawsuit brought by 115 retired employees and the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. It also agreed to stop forcing flight engineers to retire at age 60, said Jason Hegy, a lawyer who argued the government’s case. Joe Hopkins of the airline said that the settlement “recognized United’s position that we did not violate the age discrimination act,” at the time the retirement age was set. The settlement was reached while United’s appeal of an $18-million federal jury award was pending.
The Democratic Party of Alabama refused to certify state Attorney General Charlie Graddick as its candidate for governor and said it will name a committee to review the results of its June 24 runoff election. An official canvassing showed Graddick ahead of Lieutenant Governor Bill Baxley by less than 1% of the vote, but the returns were challenged because some voters who cast ballots in the June 3 Republican primary also voted in the Democrats’ contest. The number of illegal “crossovers” has been estimated at perhaps 25,000 of the 931,000 ballots cast.
A fire in an underground electrical transformer in Portland, Oregon, blacked out the state’s largest newspaper, the Marriott Hotel, the towering Crown Plaza office complex and the County Justice Center, which houses police headquarters and the county jail. A spokesman for the Oregonian newspaper said staff members traveled to nearby Vancouver, Wash., to use the computer terminals at the Columbian, and that one reporter had used his personal computer on his houseboat to file a story.
Drivers of Ford Taurus and Mercury Sable sedans face a relatively high risk of serious head injury, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration said in announcing results of tests on 1986 automobiles. The agency said that in experimental crashes at 35 mph, sensor-equipped dummies in the driver’s seats had head injury scores higher than 1,000, the level above which serious head injury or death can be expected. Robert Munson, automotive safety director at Ford Motor Co., said that the results “should not be used to rate the crashworthiness of these cars in real accident situations.”
A hailstorm with 80 mph winds caused property damage estimated at $5 million in the northwestern Nebraska town of Chadron. The predawn spell of weather blew out windows, uprooted trees, ripped off roofs and left hailstones piled eight inches deep in some spots. No one was injured, but Carl Dierks, city manager, said power was knocked out and at least 50 homes were uninhabitable.
The worst outbreak of animal rabies in at least 40 years is sweeping the Middle Atlantic states and the Southeast. Public health officials in York County, Pennsylvania, said that 87 cases of rabid animals had been confirmed in the county so far this year compared with 14 cases in all of Pennsylvania five years ago.
The six-year battle over the move of the Raiders professional football team to Los Angeles ended in final defeat for Oakland Monday when the U.S. Supreme Court declined to consider the city’s lawsuit to force the team’s return to Oakland. “It’s all over,” a jubilant Joseph Alioto, the Raiders’ lawyer, exclaimed by telephone from San Francisco. “It’s a great day for Los Angeles. It’s a great day for the American Constitution … the comedy is over.”
Cocaine killed Don Rogers, the Cleveland Brown defensive back, according to the Sacramento County Coroner’s Office. The announcement confirmed a statement made Sunday by the coroner’s toxicologist, James Beede. The level of cocaine found in Rogers’s blood was 5.2 milligrams per liter, Mr. Beede said, but no conclusion has been reached about how the drug was ingested.
Bo Jackson makes his professional baseball debut with the Memphis Chicks and goes 1-for-4 with 2 strikeouts.
As noted by historian Doug Lyons, Dale Holman, a career minor leaguer, hits a double for the Syracuse Chiefs (AAA International League) against Richmond in the game then suspended by rain. By the time the game is resumed on August 16, Holman is traded to Richmond and ends up playing for both teams in the game.
Major League Baseball:
The Yankees trade outfielder Ken Griffey to the Braves for outfielder Claudell Washington and shortstop Paul Zuvella.
The Atlanta Braves downed the San Francisco Giants 5–1. Dale Murphy hit the 250th home run of his career and Rick Mahler (10–5) won his sixth straight victory. Murphy, who also had two singles, became the 85th player in major-league history to reach the 250-homer mark when he connected over the left-field fence in the third inning to give the Braves a 3–0 lead. It was his 13th homer of the season.
The Baltimore Orioles set back the Milwaukee Brewers, 5–2. Eddie Murray singled home the tying run and Cal Ripken walked with the bases loaded to force in the winning run, helping Baltimore snap a five-game losing streak. Scott McGregor (6–7) snapped a three-game personal losing streak by scattering six hits and striking out four. Don Aase pitched the ninth for his major league-leading 20th save.
Dwight Evans drew a bases-loaded walk off Jim Acker with two out in the 10th inning tonight, enabling the Boston Red Sox to defeat the Toronto Blue Jays, 10–9, for their fifth straight victory. The loss snapped Toronto’s five-game winning streak. Marty Barrett led off the 10th with a single and advanced to second on Wade Boggs’s sacrifice. Acker (2–4) intentionally walked Bill Buckner and struck out Jim Rice for the second out. However, Don Baylor was hit by a pitch for the second time in the game to load the bases and Acker then walked Evans on a 3–1 pitch to force home Barrett with the winning run. Bob Stanley (5–2) pitched two innings for the victory. Baylor has been hit by pitches 19 times this season, breaking the club record of 17 set in 1916 by Jack Barry. Baylor holds the American League record for most career hit by pitches with 211. Ron Hunt holds the major league record with 243.
The Chicago White Sox bested the California Angels, 4–3. Ozzie Guillen’s bases-loaded triple keyed a four-run fifth inning, leading Chicago over California. Guillen’s two-out drive to right-center cashed in three walks by Kirk McCaskill (8–5) who began the fifth inning with a one-hit shutout. Joel Davis (4–4) pitched six innings for the victory.
The Montreal Expos squeaked past the Chicago Cubs, 4–3. Mitch Webster’s run-scoring single with two outs in the top of the 11th inning gave Montreal the victory. With two outs in the 11th, pitcher Dan Schatzeder drew a walk from Lee Smith (4–6). Tim Raines singled to right, sending Schatzeder to third, before Webster also singled to right to put the Expos ahead.
The Cincinnati Reds beat the Los Angeles Dodgers, 6–5. Bo Diaz singled home Tony Perez from third base with two out in the bottom of the 11th inning, handing the Dodgers their fifth straight loss. With two out, Perez, batting for the winning pitcher Carl Willis (1–0) lined a single to left and moved to third on Dave Parker’s double to left. Diaz followed with a line drive to center for the game-winning hit off Ed Vande Berg (1–3).
Garry Templeton’s disputed three-run homer in the first inning tonight won for San Diego as the Padres bombed the Astros, 9–2. Templeton hit a drive to left-center field that appeared to hit the top of the wall and bounce back onto the field. The third-base umpire, Jerry Crawford, ruled the play a home run, starting an argument from the Houston manager, Hal Lanier, and several Astros players. Television replays seemed to show the ball had not cleared the fence.
Unlike the 1913 Yankees, the 1986 version did not get a 3–3 tie after losing 10 consecutive home games. For sure, the 1986 Yankees scored three runs last night, but they altered the pattern by holding the Detroit Tigers to two runs and ended their miserable month of June with a 3–2 victory. “We set a record for most wins in April and we lost 10 straight here,” a relieved Lou Piniella said. “I’m very curious to see what July and August bring.”
Joe Carter drove in two runs and scored twice as the Cleveland Indians took advantage of three costly Oakland errors to score four unearned runs in an 8–3 victory over the A’s Monday night. Oakland errors in the fourth and fifth innings helped the Indians take a 5–0 lead. Carter reached base leading off the fourth on a throwing error by shortstop Alfredo Griffin. Following a one-out walk to Cory Snyder, Oakland starter Jose Rijo, 2–7, wild-pitched the runners to second and third, and Carter scored on Brook Jacoby’s groundout for a 1–0 Cleveland lead. Julio Franco singled to lead off the Indians’ fifth, and Carmen Castillo’s bunt single put runners at first and second. Rijo then mishandled Chris Bando’s sacrifice bunt for an error to load the bases, and Tony Bernazard’s sacrifice fly scored Franco for a 2–0 lead. One out later, Carter hit an RBI single to score Castillo and Bando came home when center fielder Mike Davis overthrew third base. Mel Hall’s RBI single put the Indians ahead 5–0.
The Pirates edged the Phillies, 3–2. Barry Bonds and R. J. Reynolds each hit home runs and Bob Walk combined with two relievers on an eight-hitter. Reynolds’s leadoff homer in the fourth, his sixth of the year, broke a 2–2 tie and made a loser of the starter Charles Hudson (4–7).
Mark Langston scattered six hits over seven innings for his fifth straight win and Scott Bradley drove in two runs with a double as the Seattle Mariners handed the Royals their fourth straight loss, winning, 3–2.
The Mets traded Ed Lynch to the Chicago Cubs today for two minor leaguers, shed tears for a departed comrade and then resumed their marauding march without pausing for long regrets. With Bob Ojeda pitching seven-hit ball for his ninth victory and second shutout, the Mets pounded John Tudor for the second straight time and beat the St. Louis Cardinals, 7–0, for the fifth straight time. It was also the fourth victory in a row for the Mets and the fourth loss in a row for the Cardinals, and it was total. The Mets even got 16 hits for their best day at bat in 1986.
Frank Viola and Keith Atherton combined on a three-hitter and the Minnesota Twins scored a tie-breaking, unearned run in the eighth inning to defeat Texas, 5–2.
San Francisco Giants 1, Atlanta Braves 5
Milwaukee Brewers 2, Baltimore Orioles 5
Toronto Blue Jays 9, Boston Red Sox 10
Chicago White Sox 4, California Angels 3
Montreal Expos 4, Chicago Cubs 3
Los Angeles Dodgers 5, Cincinnati Reds 6
San Diego Padres 9, Houston Astros 2
Detroit Tigers 2, New York Yankees 3
Cleveland Indians 8, Oakland Athletics 3
Philadelphia Phillies 2, Pittsburgh Pirates 3
Kansas City Royals 2, Seattle Mariners 3
New York Mets 7, St. Louis Cardinals 0
Minnesota Twins 5, Texas Rangers 2
Wall Street celebrated the Fourth of July early yesterday as the Dow Jones industrial average marched to a record and briefly crossed the 1,900 mark for the first time. The Dow ended the day at 1,892.72, up 7.46 points, after piercing the 1,900-level during the day when it hit 1,902.98 at 2 PM. The previous record close was 1,885.90, set on June 6 of this year. Most other closely watched stock market indicators also made new highs, such as the Dow utilities average, which closed at 200.10, up 1.32 points. Analysts attributed the market’s advance to a continued slow growth economy that is likely to force the Federal Reserve to cut interest rates further.
Dow Jones Industrial Average: 1892.72 (+7.46)
Born:
Arthur Jones, NFL defensive tackle (NFL champions, Super Bowl 47-Ravens, 2012; Baltimore Ravens, Indianapolis Colts, Washington Redskins), in Rochester, New York (d. 2025, from a heart condition).
Mike Carp, MLB first baseman and outfielder (World Series champions-Red Sox, 2013; Seattle Seahawks, Boston Red Sox, Texas Rangers), in Long Beach, California.
Victoria Crawford [Alicia Fox], American wrestler and model, in Ponte Vedra, Florida.
Died:
Margalo Gillmore, 89, British-American actress (“Skirts Ahoy”; “High Society”).
History Diaries 