Emmanouil Tsouderos became Prime Minister of Greece. Following the suicide of Greek Prime Minister Alexandros Koryzis, a new government forms on 21 April 1941 under banker Emmanouil Tsouderos. Tsouderos has minimal qualifications as a political or military leader, having served as Minister of Transportation and Minister of Finance decades earlier and, since 1931, Governor of the Central Bank of Greece.
General Georgios Tsolakoglu, commander of the Greek Epirus Army, follows through in Larissa on his decision to sign the surrender documents to which he agreed on the 20th. He does this despite instructions from his government not to sign the document. The terms also cover the Western Macedonian Army. SS Obergruppenführer Josef “Sepp” Dietrich signs on behalf of the Wehrmacht/German government — he later recalls it as the highlight of his military career.
The issue of the Italian participation is a matter of controversy. Field Marshal Wilhelm List has ordered that Italian troops not be allowed south of the Albanian border so that that the Greeks cannot surrender to them there. The 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH, still only of brigade-size) physically intervenes to stop Italian troops from pursuing the retreating/surrendering Greek troops. Italian leader Benito Mussolini is furious, feeling that the Greeks are snubbing the Italian army — which absolutely is Tsolakoglu’s intention as well as that of the Germans. Mussolini refuses to accept the surrender on behalf of Italy unless the Greeks sign a separate document with them. He tells his forces to continue fighting and has the Regia Aeronautica bomb Ioannina and Arta to illustrate his displeasure. Mussolini immediately warned the German Military Attaché in Rome that he would observe the ceasefire only if the Greeks came to terms with the Italians too. With reluctance, German Chancellor Adolf Hitler decided to help Mussolini once again, so a second surrender was signed up in Salonica on April 23,1941 that included the Italians.
The Germans take Volos after the British evacuate their troops (but leave behind lots of supplies).The British had re-embarked numerous units during at Volos during the previous few days but left behind large quantities of diesel and crude oil.
They also reach Thermopylae and at 18:00 make their first attempt to cross through this critical chokepoint. The ANZAC defenders stop the attack despite Luftwaffe attacks from nearby airfields. German air and ground forces attacked British, Australian, and New Zealand troops at Thermopylae, Greece; dive bombers sank Greek torpedo boat Thyella, hospital ship Ellenis, hospital ship Esperos, and several freighters. For such an important spot, the defense is very spotty — the Australians rely on only 2 Australian 25-pounder field guns.
The British War Cabinet sees where things in Greece are heading and have had enough. After being told by the King of Greece that no Greek troops remain to protect the British left flank, they make the final decision to fully evacuate all troops from the mainland. In fact, Middle East Commander General Archibald Wavell and local commander General Henry Maitland Wilson already have agreed at a morning meeting with the King of Greece that this is inevitable, and the War Cabinet simply acquiesces in a fait accompli. Evacuations are to commence within days from various ports in East Attica and later from ports in the eastern Peloponnese. The New Zealand troops that have survived their delaying action further north head for coastal ports such as Koritza and Volos. The Wehrmacht is in hot pursuit, and nobody really knows where the enemy is — panzers could be around the next corner or over the next rise.
The final decision for the evacuation of the Commonwealth forces to Crete and Egypt was taken, and General Archibald P. Wavell, in confirmation of verbal instructions, sent his written orders to Lieutenant General Sir Henry Maitland Wilson, the commander of “W” force in Greece.
The War Cabinet Minutes also touch lightly on another brewing problem. They note:
“The Prime Minister commented on the fact that he had received no adequate situation reports from Greece reporting any of the heavy fighting of the last ten days.”
This is something that Prime Minister Churchill already has remonstrated with Wavell about in writing. While Wavell is a brilliant commander with outstanding tactical and strategic judgment, his one failing is that he has difficulties in his personal relationship with Churchill — who keeps him on only because of his obvious talent.
Student’s plan to invade Crete from the air is put to Hitler.
In Libya, the RAF mounts a raid against the Afrika Korps troops before dawn, and “lively” (according to the German status report) air operations continue throughout the day, with both sides losing a fighter. The tensions of the combat are illustrated by a belief — put in the official German war summary for the day — that the RAF intentionally shot the Luftwaffe pilot in his parachute. It is impossible to confirm such incidents after the fact with any degree of certainty — but that is what the German high command believes happened. The RAF, incidentally, claims that downed four German planes.
The Italian Division Brescia captures 13 British stragglers from the 2nd Armoured Division. Lieutenant General Rommel tells his commanders to prepare for an attack on Tobruk on 1 May. Additional troops continue to flow into the Afrika Korps through Tripoli, some survivors of the destroyed Lampo convoy.
General Carton de Wiart is en route from Malta to Cairo when his plane crashes off Tobruk. The Italians capture him after he and the rest of the crew swim a mile to shore — another entry into the epic feats of General de Wiart.
In Operation MD2, British battleships HMS Warspite, HMS Barham, and HMS Valiant, supported by cruiser HMS Gloucester and 9 destroyers, bombarded Tripoli before dawn. Aircraft from carrier HMS Formidable dropped flares to aid the bombardment as it took place before dawn. Italian torpedo boat Partenope and 6 freighters were damaged.
Late in the day, the War Cabinet minutes note that Operation TIGER, “the plan to pass the convoy through the Mediterranean,” has been approved by the First Sea Lord (Admiral Sir Dudley Pound). Churchill proposes to add 100 additional tanks to the convoy, which is part of WS (Winston Special) 7. After opposition from CIGS John Dill that the tanks are needed in England, that is cut to an additional 67 tanks.
An Axis convoy with four troops transports departs from Naples bound for Tripoli. The British take note and prepare to send some destroyers from Malta to intercept it.
Operations continue in Abyssinia. The Gold Coast 24th Infantry Brigade reaches Wadara in Galla-Sidamo, while the South African 1st Infantry Brigade continues attacking Italian General Frusci’s forces near Cambolcia Pass on the road to Dessie.
Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies is a provocateur with keen judgment, and today he puts both traits to good use. At lunch with Churchill, Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden and Clement Attlee — all current or future prime ministers — he provokes Churchill with his long-held belief that Churchill needs contrary voices around him and not just “yes men.” Churchill, of course, is miffed, but, according to Menzies, basically agrees. It is fair to say that Menzies is the only man in England who could say such things to Churchill and get away with it.
Princess Elizabeth, heiress presumptive to the British throne, observed her fifteenth birthday anniversary quietly today with King George, Queen Elizabeth and her sister, Margaret.
General Bernard Law Montgomery takes command of XII Corps.
In the cities of the Free Zone of France, especially in Marseille, which continues to harbor a very large number of refugees from all parts of Europe, it is understood that steps are being taken to take a census of all Jews. Identity papers are being examined in all instances and it seems clear that it is desired to prepare lists of various classes of Jews.
Recruitment of Finnish volunteers for Waffen SS begins at Helsinki.
Very little is happening in Iraq, but tensions are extremely high. The government of Rashid Ali is assembling tanks, artillery, and infantry on a plateau overlooking the British airbase at Habbaniya. However, they are making no attacks despite demanding that nobody enter or leave the base. Meanwhile, the British have consolidated control over the port of Basra, which is far to the south. A standoff appears to be developing, with the British fully capable of defending themselves against a hostile populace. The British also are preparing to send forces (“Habforce,” short for Habbaniya Force) from the British Mandate of Palestine, but they are far away and have to cross a desert.
Starting after sundown and lasting until the next day, German bombers attacked Plymouth, England, United Kingdom, damaging cruiser HMS Kent, destroyer HMS Lewes, and destroyer HMS Leeds. The Luftwaffe targets Plymouth today in what is known as the start of the Plymouth Blitz. The 120 bombers focus on the center of town around the Guildhall, destroying the medieval heart of the city. Taken together with other raids, about 1000 people have or will have perished, with 18,000 houses destroyed and 30,000 inhabitants made homeless (many take refuge in barns and sheds in the surrounding countryside). The Germans, however, continue to fail to put the important port of Devonport out of operation, allowing the Royal Navy to continue its operations from there.
RAF Bomber Command: Day of 21 April 1941
36 Blenheims — 18 to Le Havre power station and IS on shipping patrols. Le Havre was not reached and both forces made attacks on ships. No losses.
The RAF bombs Derna airfield, destroying four Italian CR 42 fighters, and also kills several people at Gazala airfield.
24 German bombers escorted by 21 fighters attacked Tobruk, Libya, sinking 2 ships and damaging another 2. RAF Hurricane fighters of No. 73 and No. 273 Squadrons shot down 4 German aircraft.
The Luftwaffe scores another hit on an Allied hospital ship today. It bombs and damages 876 ton Greek hospital ship Ellenis off Patras. The ship makes it back to Patras, where it disembarks its patients. The Luftwaffe also bombs and sinks 1461 ton Greek passenger ship Esperos, which is being employed as a hospital ship, off Missolonghi, Greece. These are, of course, war crimes.
The Regia Aeronautica attacks Malta around midday with three SM-79 bombers escorted by half a dozen CR 42 fighters and two Bf 109s. They bomb Fort San Rocco, losing three CR 42s in the process. Another raid drops some bombs in the Grand Harbour area.
U-107, commanded by Kapitänleutnant Günter Hessler, sank British steamer Calchas (10,305grt) at 23-50N, 27W. At 1420 hours on 21 April 1941 the unescorted Calchas (Master William Richard Fielding Holden) was hit amidships by one torpedo from U-107 about 550 miles north of the Cape Verde Islands. The ship stopped and sank after being hit amidships by a coup de grâce at 1458 hours. The master, 25 crew members, one gunner and one of the nine passengers were lost. 33 survivors landed at Sal Maria Island, Cape Verde on 4 May. 23 survivors landed at Boavista Island, Cape Verde and 33 survivors landed at St. Louis, Senegal after sailing 650 miles in 16 days in the #5 lifeboat. Two Chinese crew members died of exhaustion after reaching land. The 10,305-ton Calchas was carrying general cargo, including wheat, butter, flour, and steel billets and was bound for Liverpool, England.
Heavy cruiser HMS Kent, under repair at Plymouth, was damaged by German bombing. The cruiser spent no additional time out of service.
Destroyer HMS Blankney departed Scapa Flow at 1455 for Scapa Flow to work up. The destroyer arrived at noon on the 22nd.
During the night of 21/22 April, destroyer HMS Leeds was damaged in a bombing raid on Plymouth. The destroyer was under repair until December 1941.
British tanker British Renown (6997grt) was damaged by German bombing three miles southeast of Dartmouth. The tanker put back to Dartmouth with her engine room flooded. She was repaired at Falmouth.
Tug Regency (76grt) was sunk on a mine off Ford’s, Dagenham. The tug was also towing three or four barges which also sank. One tug crewman and one lighterman were lost. The tug and one of the barges were later raised and repaired.
British fishing vessel Alpha (11grt) was damaged on a mine in Whittaker Channel, Essex.
British steamer Maidstone (688grt) was damaged by German bombing at Plymouth. The steamer was repaired at Falmouth. Italian submarine Cappellini attacked two large liners, escorted by three destroyers in 54N, 18W without success.
Sloop HMS Auckland arrived at Suda Bay with the five A lighters from Tobruk.
Destroyer HMS Greyhound was near missed by bombing at Mersa Matruh. The destroyer returned to Alexandria, but had no additional time out of service.
Submarine HMS Truant attacked Italian tanker Prometeo (1080grt) off Tripoli. The torpedoes missed, but the tanker in evading ran aground. The tanker was later salvaged.
British steamer Bankura (3185grt) was badly damaged by bombing at Tobruk. The entire crew were rescued. The steamer was subsequently damaged in further attacks and became a total loss.
British steamer Urania (1953grt) was sunk by German bombing at Tobruk.
Greek hospital ship Esperos (1461grt), while anchored off Missolonghi taking on wounded, was sunk by German bombing.
Greek hospital ship Ellenis (876grt) was damaged by German bombing near Patras. The ship was brought to Patras and disembarked the wounded. The steamer was sunk later in the month. Hospital ship Ellenis was later refloated by the Germans.
Greek steamer Ionna (1192grt) was sunk by German bombing at Patras.
Greek steamer Archon (1364grt) was sunk by German bombing at Euboea.
Submarine HMS Undaunted arrived at Malta from Gibraltar to join the 1st Submarine Flotilla.
Battlecruiser HMS Repulse and destroyers HMS Fearless and HMS Kashmir arrived at Gibraltar. After refueling, the battlecruiser departed Gibraltar later that day for position 41-00N, 16-30W.
Convoy AN.29 departed Alexandria and Port Said escorted by destroyers HMAS Waterhen and HMAS Vendetta and sloop HMS Grimsby. Light cruiser HMS Phoebe operated in the area of the convoy on the 23rd. Convoy AN.29 arrived at Suda Bay on the 24th with steamers Greek Themoni (5719grt), Dutch Zealand (1433grt), British Kirkland (1561grt), British Runo (1858grt), and British Araybank (7258grt).
British tanker British Lord (6098grt) in convoy AS.26 was damaged by German bombing in 34-35N, 23-32E. One crewman was lost. Australian destroyer HMAS Vampire took off the crew. The tanker was taken in tow by sloop HMS Auckland. On the 24th, netlayer HMS Protector relieved sloop Auckland for duty with convoy AG.15. The two ships were escorted by destroyer Voyager. The tanker and netlayer arrived at Alexandria on the 25th. The tanker went on to Port Said arriving on the 29th. She was later towed to Bombay for repairs.
A German Afrika Korps convoy departed Naples with transports Castellon (2086grt), Arcturus (2596grt), Leverkusen (7386grt), and Giulia (5921grt) escorted by destroyers Strale, Folgore, Turbine, and Saetta. Distant cover was given the convoy by light cruisers Bande Nere and Cardona and destroyers Scirocco and Maestrale. On the 23rd, destroyers HMS Jervis, HMS Jaguar, HMS Janus, and HMS Juno departed Malta to attack this convoy. On the 23rd, the destroyers sank Italian armed motor ship Egeo (3311grt), which departed Benghazi without escort on the 21st for Tripoli, near the convoy 80 miles 10° from Tripoli, but the convoy itself escaped damage. The convoy arrived at Tripoli on the 24th.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt returned from Hyde Park and conferred with Congressional leaders on the legislative program and with Governor Murray D. Van Wagoner of Michigan.
The Senate was not in session. Its Defense Investigation Committee heard Sidney Hillman, associate director of the Office of Production Management.
The House passed bills broadening the Anti-Sabotage Act, banning prostitution in Army and Navy camp areas, and extending the life of the Maritime Labor Board; heard Representative Eugene Cox of Georgia denounce strikes in defense industries and adjourned at 3:30 PM until noon tomorrow. The Ways and Means Committee received Treasury recommendations for new taxes.
An increase in the basic individual income tax rate from 4.4 to 6.6 percent was reported authoritatively today to have been proposed by the treasury as part of a plan to raise $3,500,000,000 in new revenue. The plan, submitted to the House Ways and Means Committee by John L. Sullivan, Assistant Treasury Secretary, was said also to include an increase in the corporation income tax rate to 30 percent from the present 24. Chairman Doughton, North Carolina Democrat, refused to disclose any details of the treasury proposal but other members said the department suggested that present individual Income tax exemptions be kept at $800 for single persons and $2,000 for married individuals.
Appalachian soft coal operators and the United Mine Workers’ union, already in agreement on a new wage contract, were urged by President Roosevelt last night to reopen the mines and begin production. “The public interest demands it,” he said, “and the public interest is paramount.” In a statement, the president urged that the southern Appalachian operators and the union enter into wage negotiations end reopen the mines which have been closed since April 1.
Ernest T. Weir, head of the National Steel Corporation, which took the lead in granting a 10-cent hourly increase to steel workers, said today that the industry should let “second-quarter facts” decide whether a steel price rise would be necessary to met higher production costs.
Action by the House on the Vinson bill calling for the “freezing” of defense labor at the status quo and providing a twenty-five-day “cooling-off” period before a strike was said tonight in informed quarters to depend largely on the success of Administration efforts to settle the coal strike.
The United States appeared tonight to be reverting to an aloof policy of dealing with Soviet Russia as a result of the new Russo-Japanese neutrality pact. A consequent lag in long-standing trade talks between American and Russian officials here was expected. At the same time, it was indicated that aid promised China would be speeded in that connection. Secretary Morgenthau said the treasury and the Chinese government would sign within a few days an agreement under which $50,000,000 of treasury funds will be used to stabilize China’s currency. Plans for the currency arrangement were announced last fall. Technical details have held up the pact.
President Roosevelt and the Canadian Prime Minister, William Mackenzie King, today agreed at the President’s family home in Hyde Park, New York on an unprecedented measure of collaboration ultimately aimed at helping the British war effort. Canada is to sell the U.S. arms, raw material and ships. There are also unconfirmed reports that the U.S. is prepared to take over a role in the defense of Canada to release more Canadian troops for service overseas. The media reports that this is a “virtual merging of the economies of the United States and Canada.” Canadian Munitions Minister Mr. Howe is very supportive of the agreement, and King tells the media that the agreement is:
“…a real answer to Hitler’s birthday celebrations — an expressed determination by the two countries to use all their resources in the common cause. Briefly, what the arrangement proposes is the mobilization of the resources of this continent to assist Britain in the quickest possible and most efficient way.”
The real benefit of this agreement to Canada, he adds almost as an afterthought, is that the U.S. will finance war construction from now on under Lend-Lease, taking that burden off of Canada. King also says that President Roosevelt may visit Ottawa on 10-11 May.
The writer Rex Stout made a speech in New York City in which he attacked the isolationist activism of Charles Lindbergh, saying, “I wish I could look you in the eye, Colonel Lindbergh, when I tell you that you simply don’t know what it’s all about … A desperate war is being fought, and the winners of the war will win the oceans. No matter what we do, we shall be either one of the winners, or one of the losers; no shivering neutral will get a bite of anything but crow when the shooting stops. It would therefore seem to be plain imbecility not to go in with Britain and win..”
Public opinion polls continue to show a great split within the public — while many want Great Britain to win and want to help it win, they also don’t want any U.S. soldiers in harm’s way.
The progress of national defense is “better that good,” it was reported by Jesse H. Jones, Secretary of Commerce, in an address before several hundred members of The Associated Press at their forty-first annual luncheon yesterday at the Hotel Waldorf-Astoria.
American, British, and Dutch military officials began a meeting in Singapore to develop a strategic plan for combined operations against Japan in the event the Japanese attacked the United States.
The battleship USS Arizona (BB-39) and the destroyer USS Davis (DD-395) collided while fueling during exercises in Hawaiian Operating Area.
U.S. Marine Corps established the temporary command Marine Aircraft, South Pacific to assist with administrative and logistical duties of 1st and 2nd Marine Aircraft Wings.
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. becomes commander of the 26th Infantry Regiment.
Major League Baseball:
33-year-old vet Wes Ferrell beat the Phillies, 8–1, in a complete game win for the Boston Bees. Ferrell set the Phillies down with five hits. He also had an RBI single, but it is his last Major League win. He’ll be released May 8, but end up managing in the minors and winning two batting titles (the Virginia L in 1942, when his 31 home runs will lead the league: the Western Carolina L in 1948). His lifetime minor league average will end up at .349.
The New York Giants downed the Brooklyn Dodgers, 7–5. Johnny Wittig got the in relief, with a ninth-inning save by Specs Carpenter, who induced Joe Medwick to hit into a game-ending double play with the tying run at first base.
The New York Yankees’ annihilation of the hapless Philadelphia Athletics continued today at Shibe Park, where, before 4,061 fans, Joe McCarthy’s forces laid about them with abandon. The New Yorkers won the ball game, 14–4. Led by Joe DiMaggio, the Yankees shelled Lee Ross and Tommy Ferrick, the latter a Giant cast-off, for seventeen blows in an artillery display that just fell short of yesterday’s cannonading. DiMaggio struck a home run, a double and two singles as he maintained his mad hitting pace in the greatest getaway he has ever experienced in a championship campaign. He hammered in two runs.
The Senators cracked twelve hits and quelled two rallies in the late innings to hand the league-leading Red Sox their first defeat of the season, 6–5, today. Boston had won five straight. Right-hander Steve Sundra, making his debut with Washington, was nicked for eleven blows, five of them in the last two innings, but managed to’ pull himself out of trouble with the help of some fancy support from the infield when the Red Sox were threatening.
The scheduled game between the Cincinnati Reds and the Cubs at Chicago was postponed due to cold. It will be made up as part of a doubleheader on May 24.
The scheduled game between the Chicago White Sox and the Tigers at Detroit was postponed due to rain. It will be made up as part of a doubleheader on May 23.
The scheduled game between the St. Louis Browns and the Indians at Cleveland was postponed due to rain. It will be made up as part of a doubleheader on September 21.
Philadelphia Phillies 1, Boston Bees 8
Brooklyn Dodgers 5, New York Giants 7
New York Yankees 14, Philadelphia Athletics 4
Boston Red Sox 5, Washington Senators 6
Foochow, last treaty port of China hitherto uninvaded, was occupied by the Japanese army late Monday, a Japanese military communique said today. The Japanese apparently met no opposition as they reported advancing up both banks of the Min River after landing before dawn. The mouth of the Min has been blockaded for the past year.
Six formations of Japanese planes bombed the Kungkuo bridge and other points on China’s Burma Road munitions route yesterday, causing great damage, the Japanese Domei news agency reported today from an unidentified Japanese airbase in Northern French Indo-China.
The town of Nigata and the village of Hiro were merged into Kure, Japan.
The American-Dutch-British (ADB) Conference convenes in Singapore under chair Air Chief Marshal Sir H. Robert Brooke-Popham. The conference is scheduled to last until 27 April. American preparation is haphazard and scanty, while the British are thoroughly prepared. This is a pattern that will continue for some time during the war. The conference is separated into two consecutive groups, with all three parties meeting first, then only the British and Dutch. The conference’s purpose is to prepare an appreciation of the coalition’s (eventual U.S. military involvement is assumed) military capabilities, predict likely Japanese moves, and prepare a strategic concept of operations for the coming conflict. This will result in the “ADB Report.”
There are 26 delegates in attendance. The U.S. representatives are Navy Captain Purnell and Army Colonel A.C. McBride, respectively staff officers from Admiral Hart and Major General George Grunert in the Philippines. The British are nonplussed at the low-level American participants, but then, the U.S. is not at war with anybody while the British and Dutch already are.
Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies has been absent from Australia for months now, and it has been a time of heavy fighting by Australian troops. There is a vocal, if relatively small, pacifist sentiment brewing in Australia. Menzies had planned to begin returning home by now but has postponed his return due to the tense war situation and the extremely supportive welcome he has found in London. Back in Australia, however, dissatisfaction with the heavy losses in Greece and North Africa is growing, and opposition to his continued leaderships concomitantly is growing. Menzies only retains office due to the support of two Independents, and some within his own U.A.P. party are plotting his ouster.
Menzies, meanwhile, continues to work for Australian interests in London. He notes in his diary that General Wavell now is prepared, due to Menzies’ urging, to make Australian General Blamey Deputy Commander in Chief Middle East.
Dow Jones Industrial Average: 116.06 (-0.09)
Born:
David L. Boren, American Democratic politician (Governor of Oklahoma, 1975-79; Senator-D-Oklahoma, 1979-94), in Washington, District of Columbia. (d. 2025).
Dick Green, MLB second baseman and third baseman (World Series Champions-A’s, 1972, 1973, 1974; Kansas City-Oakland A’s), in Sioux City, Iowa.
(Alfred) “Pee Wee” Ellis, American jazz, funk, and rock saxophonist, arranger (James Brown; Van Morrison; Gotham; Maceo Parker), and songwriter (“The Chicken; “Cold Sweat”), in Bradenton, Florida (d. 2021).
Naval Construction:
The U.S. Navy YMS-1-class auxiliary motor minesweepers USS YMS-12 and USS YMS-13 are laid down by the Rice Brothers Corp. (East Boothbay, Maine, U.S.A.).
The U.S. Navy PC-461-class (173-foot steel hull) submarine chaser USS PC-471 is laid down by the Defoe Shipbuilding Co. (Bay City, Michigan, U.S.A.).
The Kriegsmarine (German Navy) Type VIIC U-boat U-612 is laid down by Blohm & Voss, Hamburg (werk 588).
The U.S. Navy Gato-class submarine USS Albacore (SS-218) is laid down by the Electric Boat Co. (Groton, Connecticut, U.S.A.).
The Kriegsmarine (German Navy) Type IXC U-boat U-154 is launched by AG Weser, Bremen (werk 996).
The U.S. Navy Gar-class submarine USS Gudgeon (SS-211) is commissioned. Her first commanding officer is Lieutenant Commander Elton Watters Grenfell, USN.
History Diaries 