Defense Secretary James R. Schlesinger affirmed today that the United States had not renounced the possible first use of nuclear weapons if faced with defeat in a conventional war. Contending that nuclear weapons represented an important deterrent, Mr. Schlesinger said, “If one accepts the no-first‐use doctrine, one is accepting a self‐denying ordinance that weakens deterrence.” He chose a breakfast meeting with a group of reporters to clarify United States policy. Some confusion has arisen since President Ford, at a news conference last week, was asked a question that Mr. Schlesinger observed was based on the “false premise” that the United States had consistently disavowed the first use of nuclear weapons. Mr. Ford was ambiguous in defining policy. In the opinion of some Pentagon officials, Ron Nessen, the Presidential press secretary, has contributed to the confusion by some of his statements.
U.S. officials at preliminary talks in Geneva insisted on settling remaining issues before setting a date for a full European Security Conference in Helsinki that would be attended by President Ford and Soviet leader Leonid I. Brezhnev. The Soviet delegation in Geneva continued to insist that the summit conference be scheduled for July 28.
A new Soviet law effective next year will tax 30 percent of all money sent to Soviet citizens from abroad, It is apparently aimed at depriving dissident groups and individuals, especially those who are jobless while waiting for permission to emigrate, of help from friends or relatives abroad. It will not apply to certain payments including alimony, inheritance and royalties.
Britain’s Chancellor of the Exchequer, Denis Healey, warned labor and management that the government would move toward statutory controls on incomes and prices unless they devised a voluntary plan limiting wage increases to 10 percent. The surprise statement in the House of Commons was the strongest move yet to curb Britain’s soaring inflation. The pound sterling, which had been sliding, rose slightly on international markets, while the Labor party’s left wing said legal restraints an free bargaining would violate government pledges.
More than three-fourths of the incumbent union officers were voted out of power in Spain’s government-controlled union elections, official figures show. The results are a stunning victory for the labor opposition, which includes the illegal Communist Party. A senior government official said only 23.07% of the nation’s 360,000 shop stewards were reelected in voting June 4-27.
President Makarios met with his Greek Cypriot cabinet and national council in Nicosia following reports that Turkish forces were planning new military action. The tension came on the heels of the expulsion from the northern part of the island of 800 Greek Cypriots. Turkish Cypriots have proclaimed the northern part an autonomous state, and up to 10.000 Greek Cypriots are estimated to be still there.
Turkey will buy weapons from any foreign country willing to fill the defense gap created by the U.S. arms embargo, Premier Suleyman Demirel said in an interview. He said a note delivered by Ankara to the U.S. government June 17 “was in fact an ultimatum.” In it, Demirel gave Washington 30 days to respond to a Turkish demand for renegotiation of bilateral defense accords. Otherwise, Turkey “would be obliged to take retaliatory action” by closing U.S.-operated military bases.
The U.S. Agriculture Department said that Egypt and South Korea will get additional U.S. aid, including wheat and rice, under new long-term Food for Peace credit arrangements. Egypt will get about 50,000 tons of wheat by August 31, and South Korea will get 57,000 tons of rice by the end of this year. Cost of the additional aid will total about $26 million.
A new Cabinet was installed in Lebanon today, and a few hours later a cease‐fire was announced in the persistent street fighting between armed groups of Christians and Muslims. The sound of explosions from rocket and mortar fire continued late last night and early Wednesday, however, but the fighting was much less intense than a day earlier, when at least 50 people were killed.
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, appealing to the Indian public for support to end the political crisis, announced economic reforms to better the average citizen’s lot, especially in rural areas. The program to bring down prices, peasant debt and achieve fairer land distribution was expected to be widely popular. Critics said it was intended to deflect attention from recent authoritarian moves by her government. “The emergency provides us a new opportunity to go ahead with our economic tasks,” Mrs. Gandhi declared in a 10‐minute address. “There is a chance now to regain the nation’s spirit of adventure. Let us get on with the job.” Shortly before the broadcast, a dozen young men were arrested in an anti‐government demonstration in New Delhi, the latest protest in a political crisis touched off two and a half weeks ago by Mrs. Gandhi’s citation on charges of electoral corruption. Under a special emergency decree issued yesterday, the men arrested this evening, and the more than 1,000 others arrested in the last few days, could be kept in jail for a year.
The United States, withholding any direct criticism of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s emergency rule has tried to avoid giving Indian politicians a pretext to blame Washington for the crisis, Administration officials said today. A slight shift from that policy occurred today when Washington criticized India’s expulsion of an American news correspondent.
Thailand and China established formal diplomatic relations today further cementing the ties between Peking and Southeast Asia that have developed since the recent Communist victories in Indochina. Today’s action expands the influence of mainland China in regions adjacent to Cambodia, Vietnam and Laos, which have recently come under Communist domination. And it means that Thailand, once one of the firmest allies of the United States, has drastically shifted although continuing to profess friendship with the West. China, in little more than a year, has established relations with the Philippines and Malaysia — which like Thailand are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, once considered a potential bulwark against Communism. Singapore also is understood to be giving preliminary consideration to establishing ties with Peking.
The Australian Postmaster-General’s Department was split forming The Australian Telecommunications Commission (Telstra) and The Australian Postal Commission (Australia Post).
President Ford asked Congress to grant commonwealth status to the Marianas Islands in the far Pacific, thus expanding U.S. territory for the first time in 50 years. Commonwealth status would give the 14,000 islanders such benefits as U.S. citizenship, Medicaid, food stamps and a guaranteed $14 million a year for economic development. In return the United States would gain a potential new military staging area. The United States last acquired new territory in 1925, when it annexed Swains Island to American Samoa.
Premier Olof Palme of Sweden left Havana after concluding a four-day official visit to Cuba. Palme, the first head of government from a Western industrialized country to visit Cuba since the 1959 revolution, was seen off by Premier Fidel Castro. During his visit, Palme had lengthy talks with Castro covering international problems and bilateral relations. Palme told a press conference that Sweden never believed the U.S. embargo on trade to Cuba had been in accordance with international law.
Brazil, striving to attain big-power status by the end of the century, is modeling her efforts after the United States. At the same time, Brazilians are trying to keep their distance from the United States, especially in economic development, partly because of what they see as the declining United States role in world leadership.
A Chilean newspaper claimed that General Tire and Rubber Co. of Akron, Ohio, paid bribes of $100,000 to avoid expropriation of its Chilean interests by the late Marxist President Salvador Allende. The newspaper said the payments to two Allende aides were made to block seizure of Chile’s largest tire industry, Industria Nacional de Neumaticos, in which General Tire holds 40% of the stock. In Akron, a spokesman refused to confirm or deny the reports.
President Idi Amin of Uganda announced today that he had decided to pardon the Briton who had been sentenced to death by firing squad for calling the President a village tyrant. General Amin, who is on a visit to Zaire, made his decision known at a news conference after conferring with President Mobutu Sese Seko, who interceded in the case. General Amin’s statement followed a confused sequence of events in which the execution of the Briton, Denis Cecil Hills, a 61‐year‐old resident of Uganda, was canceled only to be reinstated. Mr. Hills, a teacher and writer who criticized the President in an unpublished manuscript, had been accused of high treason and was scheduled to die on Friday.
For the highly ideological new rulers of Mozambique, the advent of fall independence is only the beginning of a maior struggle to implant their marxist policies and create “a new man” on the African continent. The Mozambique Liberation Front — Frelimo from its acronym in the Portuguese language—has ordered a purge and purification of its ranks. Its publicly outlined strategy indicates that the party will deliberately keep the country in a semi‐permanent state of political and psychological turmoil in an effort to avoid complacency and backsliding. President Samora Machel, his party executive, and the powerful 42‐member central committee of Frelimo seem determined to create the first authentic Communist state in Africa.
CITES, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, went into effect after being ratified by the 10th nation that had signed on March 3, 1973, representing the first international agreement to protect wildlife and plants from extinction as a result of poaching and trade.
President Ford has directed the Department of Justice to abide by a Federal court ruling that bars warrantless wiretaps of domestic organizations, even if foreign affairs or national security matters are involved, the White House said today. Ron Nessen, the White House press secretary, said that Mr. Ford had instructed Attorney General Edward H. Levi to “un dertake no wiretaps” that violate a decision handed down June 24 by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. The court, acting in a case involving the wiretapping of headquarters of the Jewish Defense League in New York in 1970 and 1971, ruled that the executive branch must get a warrant to wiretap domestic groups that were neither agents of nor collaborators with foreign power. The Justice Department is still considering an appeal of the ruling to the Supreme Court. Although the Attorney General is technically bound to comply with the decision of the appellate court only in the District of Columbia, Mr. Nessen said that the President had instructed that the ruling be generally followed while the question of an appeal was pending.
Four major oil companies raised gasoline prices at the refinery up to 3 cents a gallon. Other companies were expected to follow them, with speedy effect on retail pump prices as the high season for summer vacations and motoring began. John Hill, deputy administrator of the Federal Energy Administration, predicted markups of 3 to 5 cents this summer. He said part of the rise was seasonal and would probably be rolled back after Labor Day.
President Ford told the 66th convention of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People meeting in Washington that an unstable economy was the enemy of equal opportunity. He urged support for fiscal restraint as a key to fulfillment of equality for American minorities. The audience reacted with restraint.
Forty senators proposed restoring funds cut from the Justice Department’s budget for prosecuting price fixing and other antitrust violations. In a letter to Senator John O. Pastore (D-Rhode Island), who chairs the subcommittee that handles the Justice budget, the senators proposed adding $3.85 million for the antitrust division and $1.5 million for the Federal Trade Commission. The antitrust division amount had been cut by the attorney general and the Office of Management and Budget, which approved a budget of $22.7 million.
Ohio national guardsmen fired indiscriminately during the 1970 campus protest in which 13 Kent State University students were shot, Guard Major Harry D. Jones testified. He said he moved to halt the shooting within seconds of its start that May 4. “I didn’t know why they were firing,” he said. “They were firing in the trees, on the ground, all over the place.” Asked if a guardsman was ever allowed to discharge a weapon into a crowd at undesignated persons, he said “no.” The testimony came in the $46 million civil damages trial in Cleveland brought by the nine students wounded and the parents of the four who died in the antiwar clash.
Gulf Oil Corp. has been accused by the Federal Energy Administration with overcharging Virginia Electric & Power Co. by more than $2 million for oil purchases. It was the first such action against a major oil company. Gulf formally denied the charge and asked the FEA to hold a hearing. The charge stems from FEA audits of public utilities that began in January. A notice alleges that Gulf overcharged Vepco for No. 2 heating oil between Oct. 1, 1973, and April 30, 1975. The FEA has forced oil suppliers to refund more than $4 million as a result of audits.
A $2 million damage suit was filed in New York federal court against Eastern Airlines, charging negligence in the crash of a jetliner that claimed 112 lives. Bernice Wolff Norman, widow of a passenger, Dr. William David Norman, and her two children brought the suit, believed to be the first arising from the June 24 crash, the worst single-aircraft disaster in the nation’s history. Only 12 people survived. Tapes of communications between the tower and the pilot have revealed that the plane was cleared to land in a thunderstorm despite another pilot’s warnings of dangerous air turbulence and his recommendation that the runway be closed.
Paul (Big Paul) Castellano, brother-in-law of reputed underworld boss Carlo Gambino and reportedly the heir apparent to the leadership of the Gambino Mafia family, was arrested in New York City with eight other men on loansharking charges. The nine, including a first cousin of Castellano — Paul F. (Little Paul) Castellano — were charged in Brooklyn federal court with conspiring to lend money at interest rates exceeding 100%. The indictment said the money was provided by Big Paul. 60, and his son. Joseph, 37.
A coolant system charging pump at the Calvert Cliffs nuclear power plant in Maryland sprang a leak, showering 12 workers with a fine spray of radioactive water, the Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. reported. A spokesman said the level of radioactive exposure was so minute, however, that none of the employees was contaminated and all returned to work after disposing of their work clothes.
Former U.S. President Richard Nixon said, in an affidavit to federal court, that he had secretly begun taping Oval Office conversations at the suggestion of his predecessor, President Lyndon Johnson, who had said that the tapes “had proved to be exceedingly valuable in preparing his memoirs, and he urged that I re-install the recording devices”. The affidavit was filed as part of Nixon’s suit seeking custody of his records, including the tape recordings, some of which had proved he had ordered a coverup of the Watergate investigation.
New York City’s financial crisis at the start of the new fiscal year moved from offices into the streets. The city’s 10,000 sanitation men, protesting layoffs of 2,934 of their number, walked off their jobs, leaving tons of garbage piling up. There was danger of the wildcat strikes spreading to the Police and Fire Departments. The Patrolmen’s Benevolent Association president said the union’s board would consider a job action today, and the firemen’s president was reported to have instructed his members by letter to “take care of your health.” First Deputy Mayor James Cavanagh said that more than 5,000 employees had already been dismissed and that the planned layoffs of 27,000 would continue.
New Yorkers reacted with apparent resignation to the crisis that left their garbage where they put it. There was fear that it would be set on fire in the South Bronx and East Harlem; in middle-class neighborhoods there seemed to be more resentment. Park Avenue building superintendents were planning to use private haulers.
As the 1976 fiscal year began, New York City announced the firing of 37,000 city employees in order to save $1.2 billion from the city budget. Laid off were 5,000 police, 2,100 firefighters, 3,000 garbage collectors, 10,000 health workers and 17,000 people in education.
An angry crowd of 500 newly dismissed police officers, wearing civilian clothes, marched on City Hall in protest and then stormed onto the approaches to Brooklyn Bridge, creating major traffic tie-ups during the evening rush hour in lower Manhattan. Officers on duty pleaded with them to clear the roadways. Three persons were arrested, but the police generally refrained from harsh steps to disperse the demonstrators. The president of the Patrolmen’s Benevolent Association was booed for inaction.
Eighteen-year-old Karen Grammer was abducted outside a Red Lobster restaurant in Colorado Springs after an attempted robbery. She was raped and murdered; stabbed in the throat and back 42 times. Years later, her brother — actor Kelsey Grammer — wrote about the lasting impact his sister Karen’s 1975 murder had on him. Freddie Glenn was convicted of Karen’s murder and several other murders in the area, and is currently serving a life sentence in prison. Glenn and an accomplice, who died in 2019, were originally sentenced to death for the murders, according to prosecutors, but they were resentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole after 10 years when the U.S. Supreme Court overturned all existing death sentences in 1979. Glenn has been denied parole four times, and his next hearing is in 2027.
The federal government is transferring 11,489 acres of federal land to the Anza-Borrego Desert State Park. The U.S. Bureau of Land Management announced that the parcels include 10,377 acres to extend the park’s northern boundary into Riverside County, plus 1,112 acres in San Diego County. The state will pay $28,720. The park, largest in the state system, already contains 490,336 acres.
A second trans-Alaska fuel line is being checked after it sprang a leak which spilled at least 1,000 gallons of oil at Dietrich Camp in the Brooks Range. Last week another leak at Galbraith Camp may have spilled as much as 65,000 gallons.
The brown pelican — Louisiana’s state bird, an endangered species so rare that it had to be imported from Florida to save it from extinction — is in trouble again, according to officials in New Orleans. The director of the Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Commission said all but 100 of the restocked flock of 500 pelicans have died from agricultural pesticides since May of this year.
ARPANET, predecessor to the Internet, was declared fully operational and under the control of the Defense Communications Agency, part of the U.S. Department of Defense.
The WEDway People Mover opens in Tomorrowland, Disney World, Florida.
Major League Baseball:
A homer by Don Baylor with two men on base in the seventh inning broke a 6–6 tie and hoisted the Orioles to a 10–6 victory over the Red Sox. Lee May singled and Paul Blair beat out an infield hit before Baylor connected for the decisive drive. The Orioles added an extra run in the eighth on a walk to Bobby Grich and double by May. Bernie Carbo hit a homer for the Red Sox.
An out shy of a complete game, Fergie Jenkins and the Rangers top the Royals, 5–4. Although John Mayberry hit three solo homers and Harmon Killebrew added one, the Royals otherwise failed to score against Jenkins and lost. The Rangers, who had a circuit clout by Mike Cubbage, picked up what proved to be the winning run in the sixth inning when Jim Sundberg singled and crossed the plate on errors by Mayberry and Steve Mingori, pitching in relief of Steve Busby.
The streaking Brewers, who got five-hit pitching from Jim Colborn and Rick Austin, defeated the Yankees, 6–3, for their fourth straight victory and eighth in the last 10 games. It also was the Brewers’ fifth in a row over the Yankees in Milwaukee. The Brewers scored twice in the first inning on a double by George Scott and single by Mike Hegan before putting the game away with four-more runs in the third. Colborn, working with a 6–1 lead, retired 18 batters in a row before the Yankees loaded the bases in the eighth and scored two runs on a double by Thurman Munson. Austin retired Chris Chambliss on a fly to end the threat and picked up his first save.
Vida Blue gave up only four hits in eight innings before leaving the mound with victory assured as the Athletics handed a 10–1 knockout to the nine-game winning streak of the White Sox. Glenn Abbott finished. The A’s piled up 16 hits, including three apiece by Joe Rudi and Bert Campaneris. Rudi drove in three runs. Carlos May homered for the only White Sox tally.
Mickey Lolich allowed only three hits and pitched the Tigers to a 6–2 victory, marking the 30th time that the veteran southpaw had conquered the Indians in 45 career decisions. Charlie Spikes homered for one of the Indians’ runs. The Tigers broke a 2–2 tie with an unearned run in the seventh and then iced the verdict with three runs in the eighth on a double by Jack Pierce, single by Aurelio Rodriguez and homer by Ron LeFlore.
Rod Carew batted in five runs with a double, single and sacrifice fly to lead the Twins to a 12–3 victory in the second game of a twi-night doubleheader after the Angels won the first game, 4–3, on a homer by Ellie Rodriguez in the 10th inning. The Angels, who also had a circuit clout by Leroy Stanton in the opener, fell behind when Johnny Briggs accounted for all of the Twins’ runs with a homer in the eighth. The Angels then tied the score in the ninth on singles by Jerry Remy and Joe Lahoud, a sacrifice and infield out by Winston Llenas. Mark Wiley, making his first major league start, was the Twins’ winner in the nightcap. The Twins’ attack, other than Carew’s hits, included two-run homers by Steve Braun and Steve Brye.
The Reds win the 4th extra inning game in 5 days, beating the Astros 8–7 in 15 innings. The Reds score 3 in the 9th to tie it at 7 apiece. Ending their longest game of the season, the Reds scored on a walk to Pete Rose and singles by Ken Griffey and Joe Morgan in the 15th inning to defeat the Astros. The Reds’ record string of errorless games came to an end in the fifth when Dan Driessen, playing left field, bobbled a single by Bob Watson, allowing the Astros’ batter to take an extra base. Watson and Cliff Johnson drove in three runs apiece for the Astros, with each having a homer. The Reds, after trailing, picked up a run on a homer by Morgan in the eighth and tied the score in the ninth with an error, walk, double by Cesar Geronimo, another walk and sacrifice flies by Griffey and Johnny Bench.Pat Darcy is the winner. It is the second consecutive game that the Reds trail by 4 runs and comeback to win; no National League team will match that the rest of the century.
An intentional pass to Reggie Smith in the fifth inning backfired on the Phillies when the Cardinals scored four runs to enable them to gain a 6–5 victory. Greg Luzinski homered for the Phillies in the fourth to tie the score at 2–2 before the Cards opened the fifth with a single by Ted Sizemore and double by Willie Davis. Wayne Twitchell then walked Smith intentionally and also passed Ted Simmons to force in one run. Bake McBride singled for two more and Ken Reitz capped the outburst with a sacrifice fly. The Phillies narrowed their deficit against Lynn McGlothen, but for the second straight night Al Hrabosky stepped in to save the game for the Cardinals.
Jerry Morales singled in the 10th inning and batted in his third run of the game to bring the Cubs a 5–4 victory over the Mets. Morales’ first two RBIs and a two-run homer by Andre Thornton gave the Cubs a 4–0 lead, but the Mets battled back to tie the score before a walk to Don Kessinger, a stolen base, infield out and Morales’ single pushed over the Cubs’ winning run in the 10th.
It was Dominion Day in Canada, but the Pirates did the dominating, walloping the Expos, 10–4, with a 17-hit attack that included a triple and two singles by Manny Sanguillen, a double and two singles by Al Oliver and three singles by Bill Robinson. Gary Carter had the most potent of the Expos’ eight hits, smashing a homer with a man on base.
In Los Angeles, Mike Ivie hit the first grand slam of his major league career in the fifth inning as the Padres exploded for eight runs to defeat the Dodgers, 10–1, in a game that later erupted into a brawl. Dodger reliever Charlie Hough hit Dave Winfield with a pitch in the eighth. After the Dodgers came to bat, Padre reliever Bill Greif decked Willie Crawford, setting off the fight. Joe Ferguson, who plunged into the fray, suffered a fracture of his right wrist. Crawford, Ferguson and Davey Lopes were ejected from the game.
Hitting a pair of doubles, Chris Speier drove in five runs as the Giants defeated the Braves, 9–1. Speier came up with the bases loaded in the first inning and cleared the sacks with a double, before scoring himself on an error. His second double produced two of the Giants’ five runs in the fourth. The Braves committed six errors.
Baltimore Orioles 10, Boston Red Sox 6
Oakland Athletics 10, Chicago White Sox 1
Houston Astros 7, Cincinnati Reds 8
Detroit Tigers 6, Cleveland Indians 2
San Diego Padres 10, Los Angeles Dodgers 1
New York Yankees 3, Milwaukee Brewers 6
California Angels 4, Minnesota Twins 3
California Angels 3, Minnesota Twins 12
Pittsburgh Pirates 10, Montreal Expos 4
Chicago Cubs 5, New York Mets 4
St. Louis Cardinals 6, Philadelphia Phillies 5
Atlanta Braves 1, San Francisco Giants 9
Kansas City Royals 4, Texas Rangers 5
Dow Jones Industrial Average: 877.42 (-1.57, -0.18%)
Born:
Mike Cloud, NFL running back (Kansas City Chiefs, New England Patriots, New York Giants), in Charleston, South Carolina.
Sean Colson, NBA point guard (Atlanta Hawks, Houston Rockets), in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Scott Fankhouser, NHL goaltender (Atlanta Thrashers), in Bismark, North Dakota.
Sufjan Stevens, American singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist; in Detroit, Michigan.
History Diaries 